You can use atoms as many different types of qubits. manipulating physical qubits To make physical qubits go to different states, we will again use something in the ancillary states. Rotating it to z — leverage one lazer to make it fall; rx, ry, we leverage combinations of two light. various qubit implementations Implementations of physical qubits Type Superconductor Ions Atoms Company Google, IBM, Rigetti IonQ, Honeywell Atom Computing, QuEra Nature Artifical Natural Natural Calibration Individual calibration Naturally calibrated Naturally calibrated Coherence Time Short Long Long Connectivity Adjacent connectivity All-to-all More than adjacent Scalability Compatible with existing tech Not easily scalable Potentially scalable Speed Fast gates Kinda fast Untested possible uses for qubits Here are some possible uses for physical qubits Traveling salesman Research + simulations Cryptography