revising: character as subjects, actions as verbs old before new (connect sentences’ subjects from tail to head) short before long: (say the short phrase before the long phrase, move the verb up front if you can) topic then stress (the last position is being stressed—the thing that’s most important to communicate is the end of an utterance) The above principles apply to all units—as in, each sentences paragraphs, and arguments should all follow a similar principles